Introduction to reproductive system
1. Question 1
Which gland(s) play a role in the production of semen? Check all that apply.
1 / 1 point
The seminal vesicles Correct
The bulbourethral gland Correct
The submandibular gland
Prostate gland Correct
2.Question 2
Where does the maturation of sperm cells occur? 1 / 1 point
The scrotum
Ductus deferens
Prostate
The vas deferens
Epididymis Correct
Recall that the sperms' journey through the male reproductive tract begins when they travel from the seminiferous tubule to the epididymis to mature.
3. Question 3
Which of the following is responsible for transporting the sperm from the testes out through the ejaculatory duct? 1 / 1 point
The penis
Epididymis
The vas deferens
Testosterone Correct
The vas deferens connects the testes to the urethra and thus transports sperm from the testes into the urethra and finally out of the body.
4. Question 4
Which of the following is/are the primary male sex organ(s)? 1 / 1 point
The vas deferens
The paired testes
The urethra
Androgens
Correct
The primary sex organs that develop from the bipotential gonad that make a person sexually male are the testes.
5.
Question 5
Which of the following statements are true? Select the three true statements.
0 / 1 point
The ovaries produce both estrogen and progesterone
Correct
A corpus luteum is an individual unit within the ovary that houses an individual egg
Menopause occurs when no follicles remain in the ovary
The ovaries are located in the lower part of the pelvic cavity
Hormonal changes have no influence on musculoskeletal functions
Male and female sex organs work to create a hormonal balance and cycle
You didn’t select all the correct answers
6.
Question 6
Another name for the egg is:
1 / 1 point
Oocyte
Primordial Follicle
Corpus luteum
Fimbriae
Correct
Oocyte is correct because egg is the common name for the female sex cell, but the oocyte is the biological name for that same cell.
7.
Question 7
What hormone(s) could affect a male’s and female’s fertility? Select all that apply.
1 / 1 point
Estrogen
Correct
Remember, estrogen, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone all play important roles in both male and female fertility
Testosterone
Correct
FSH
Correct
LH
Correct
8.
Question 8
What would happen to female reproduction if a luteinizing hormone did not exist?
1 / 1 point
There would be no hormone to stimulate GNRH growth
There would be no hormone to cause the rupture of the outer wall of the ovary
There would be no hormone produced during sexual response, and therefore no creation of a natural lubricant in the vagina
There would be no hormone to stimulate FSH, which is involved in follicle stimulation
Correct
LH is the hormone responsible for triggering ovulation.
9.
Question 9
What would happen if there is no SRY and therefore no testosterone and no AMH present in an embryo?
1 / 1 point
The absence of the SRY results in the atrophy, or loss of the male reproductive tract, and would therefore lead to the differentiation of the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina in the female fetus
The absence of the SRY in the embryo would not affect the development of the embryo, but it would impact how the child undergoes puberty
The lack of SRY in an embryo would incite the overproduction of testosterone and gonadotropin
The lack of SRY in an embryo would incite overproduction of gonadotropin only, and will cause the fetus to develop male sex organs
Correct
In embryos with a Y chromosome, a gene called the 'sex-determining region of the Y' or SRY is the first gene switched on and this produces a transcription factor that turns on the entire pattern of male organ and hormone development. Female embryos do not have a Y chromosome and therefore would develop fallopian tubes, a uterus, a cervix, and a vagina.
Which of the following statements are true about the process of meiosis?
1 point
Without meiosis, offspring would be exact copies of the genes from the parents.
The process of meiosis shuffles/mixes the genes of both parents.
Meiosis allows the offspring to have genes from just one parent.
Meiosis is a process by which the germ cells create genetic sameness or uniformity among all people
2.
Question 2
About how many follicles are within the ovary at birth?
1 point
Female babies are not born with follicles; follicles develop in females during puberty
and mature during menstruation
Roughly 10,000
Roughly 500,000
Roughly 1,000,000
There is no way to know for certain how many follicles are within the ovary, since
every woman has a different number
3.
Question 3
Which best describes ovulation?
1 point
The breakdown of the outer tissue of the ovary, allowing the oocyte to move from
the inside to the outside of the tissue
The dissolving process of the uterine lining
Uterus stimulation from estrogen
The fertilization of an egg by sperm
4.
Question 4
How does testosterone affect women’s health?
1 point
Testosterone may cause increased hoarseness or deepening of the voice
Testosterone may cause hirsutism, or male-pattern hair growth
Testosterone may cause an increase in breast size
Testosterone does not affect women’s health
5.
Question 5
What happens when the follicle converts from a follicular structure to a luteal structure? Please select the best answer.
1 point
The follicle changes from an unfertilized egg to a fertilized egg
The follicle changes from a progesterone producing tissue to an estrogen producing
tissue
The follicle changes from an estrogen producing tissue to a progesterone
producing tissue
The follicle becomes an oocyte
6.
Question 6
Can testosterone affect the sex chromosomes of the fetus?
1 point
No, the sex chromosomes are determined by the donation of either an X or Y chromosome from the sperm at the time of fertilization
Yes, depending on when during the pregnancy the testosterone was consumed
Yes, the sex chromosome can be affected by testosterone at any time during fetal development
No, the sex chromosomes are determined by the presence of either an X or Y chromosome in the egg
7.
Question 7
What are some possible outcomes that could transpire if meiosis does not occur properly? Select all possible answers.
1 point
An egg could have too many chromosomes
A sperm could have too many chromosomes
An egg could end up with not enough chromosomes
A sperm could end up with not enough chromosomes
8.
Question 8
What do two haploid cells form during fertilization?
1 point
A gamete
A zygote (embryo)
An oocyte
Mitosis
9.
Question 9
When are sperm produced? Please select the best answer.
1 point
Sperm are produced constantly from spermatogonial cells
Sperm are produced constantly from inhibin
Sperm are only produced during male sexual arousal
Sperm are produced cyclically every month
10.
Question 10
Which statement best describes why men have morning erections?
1 point
Men have higher levels of sperm production in the morning
Higher levels of testosterone in the morning control nitric oxide and guanosine
monophosphate, which are responsible for the engorgement of the penis by blood vessels
Greater spermatogenic function in the morning is linked to one’s circadian rhythm and
controls increased GnRH production, which is responsible for the engorgement of the
penis by blood vessels
In a process also known as diurnal regulation, most testosterone is produced overnight
and builds up in one’s sleep; once nitric oxide activates negative feedback in the morning,
the penis becomes engorged by blood vessels
Which of the following statements are true about the process of meiosis?
1 / 1 point
Without meiosis, offspring would be exact copies of the genes from the parents.
Correct
Recall that meiosis involves the shuffling of genes from both parents, which is why offspring may look similar to both their parents and their siblings, their genetic material involves different, intricate combinations.
The process of meiosis shuffles/mixes the genes of both parents.
Correct
Meiosis allows the offspring to have genes from just one parent.
Meiosis is a process by which the germ cells create genetic sameness or uniformity among all people
2.
Question 2
About how many follicles are within the ovary at birth?
1 / 1 point
Female babies are not born with follicles; follicles develop in females during puberty
and mature during menstruation
Roughly 10,000
Roughly 500,000
Roughly 1,000,000
There is no way to know for certain how many follicles are within the ovary, since
every woman has a different number
Correct
A female is born with all of the follicles, or immature eggs, that she will ever have. By puberty, there are about 300,000 follicles that remain in each ovary. This finite number of follicles contrasts with male sperm production. Males produce sperm every single day following the onset of puberty.
3.
Question 3
Which best describes ovulation?
1 / 1 point
The breakdown of the outer tissue of the ovary, allowing the oocyte to move from
the inside to the outside of the tissue
The dissolving process of the uterine lining
Uterus stimulation from estrogen
The fertilization of an egg by sperm
Correct
Ovulation can be described as the process by which the surface of the ovary is destroyed by a series of enzymes. The now mature egg is contained in a follicle until the follicle ruptures and releases it outside the ovary. The egg will then move into the fallopian tube where it will either degenerate or be fertilized.
4.
Question 4
How does testosterone affect women’s health?
1 / 1 point
Testosterone may cause increased hoarseness or deepening of the voice
Correct
Remember, females have testosterone levels too, and sometimes when women have increased levels of testosterone, they can take on more male-centric traits such as the deepening of the voice and male-pattern hair growth
Testosterone may cause hirsutism, or male-pattern hair growth
Correct
Testosterone may cause an increase in breast size
Testosterone does not affect women’s health
5.
Question 5
What happens when the follicle converts from a follicular structure to a luteal structure? Please select the best answer.
1 / 1 point
The follicle changes from an unfertilized egg to a fertilized egg
The follicle changes from a progesterone producing tissue to an estrogen producing
tissue
The follicle changes from an estrogen producing tissue to a progesterone
producing tissue
The follicle becomes an oocyte
Correct
After the ovulatory phase, during which a mature egg is released to the fallopian tube, the luteal phase begins. The follicle, which formerly produced estradiol, folds in on itself to produce a new structure, the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which causes massive uterine wall and blood vessel development. The production of progesterone will occur until the corpus luteum undergoes programmed cell death id no implantation occurs.
6.
Question 6
Can testosterone affect the sex chromosomes of the fetus?
0 / 1 point
No, the sex chromosomes are determined by the donation of either an X or Y chromosome from the sperm at the time of fertilization
Yes, depending on when during the pregnancy the testosterone was consumed
Yes, the sex chromosome can be affected by testosterone at any time during fetal development
No, the sex chromosomes are determined by the presence of either an X or Y chromosome in the egg
Incorrect
7.
Question 7
What are some possible outcomes that could transpire if meiosis does not occur properly? Select all possible answers.
1 / 1 point
An egg could have too many chromosomes
Correct
Meiosis is the process by which chromosomal numbers stay the same in each generation that that the next generation has different combinations of genes from their parent. It is critical for meiosis to occur properly so that sperm and eggs have the correct amount of chromosomes. All of the above answers could occur if meiosis does not occur properly.
A sperm could have too many chromosomes
Correct
An egg could end up with not enough chromosomes
Correct
A sperm could end up with not enough chromosomes
Correct
8.
Question 8
What do two haploid cells form during fertilization?
0 / 1 point
A gamete
A zygote (embryo)
An oocyte
Mitosis
Incorrect
9.
Question 9
When are sperm produced? Please select the best answer.
1 / 1 point
Sperm are produced constantly from spermatogonial cells
Sperm are produced constantly from inhibin
Sperm are only produced during male sexual arousal
Sperm are produced cyclically every month
Correct
The male germ cells, sperm, are produced every day from spermatogonial stem cells. These stem cells constantly replenish new sperm so that about 1000 sperm are produced with every heartbeat.
10.
Question 10
Which statement best describes why men have morning erections?
0 / 1 point
Men have higher levels of sperm production in the morning
Higher levels of testosterone in the morning control nitric oxide and guanosine
monophosphate, which are responsible for the engorgement of the penis by blood vessels
Greater spermatogenic function in the morning is linked to one’s circadian rhythm and
controls increased GnRH production, which is responsible for the engorgement of the
penis by blood vessels
In a process also known as diurnal regulation, most testosterone is produced overnight
and builds up in one’s sleep; once nitric oxide activates negative feedback in the morning,
the penis becomes engorged by blood vessels
Incorrect
When does ovulation occur?
1 / 1 point
Mid-cycle, about 14 days after the start of the last menstrual period
Early-cycle, about 4 days after the start of the last menstrual period
Late-cycle, about 28 days after the start of the last menstrual period
Ovulation is the same as the process of menstruation, when the uterine lining is shed
Correct
The ovulation phase occurs in the middle of the 28-day cycle, just after the follicular phase and before the luteal phase. This is about the 14th day after the start of your last period.
2.
Question 2
Why does one’s body temperature change before and after ovulation?
0 / 1 point
Ovulation is an inflammatory event, so the basal body temperature falls just before ovulation at the time of peak estrogen, and rises after ovulation
Females’ body temperatures change before and ovulation for women undergoing menopause; these are also known as hot flashes
Ovulation is a pheromone-driven event, so the basal body temperature fluctuates depending on the level of estrogen detected in the sweat and surface secretions when women are in close proximity with one another
Ovulation is an inflammatory event, so the basal body temperature rises just before ovulation at the time of peak estrogen, and falls after ovulation
Incorrect
3.
Question 3
What happens when men are given hormonal contraception?
1 / 1 point
High doses of testosterone, given in a monthly shot, interacts with the pituitary hormones FSH and LH and inhibits sperm mobility
High doses of testosterone, given in a monthly shot, inhibits the release of shuts down the pituitary hormones FSH and LH and reduces sperm numbers
High doses of testosterone, given in a monthly shot, interacts with the pituitary hormone GnRH and inhibits the sperm from entering the seminal vesicles
High doses of testosterone, given in a monthly shot, interacts with the pituitary hormone GnRH and inhibits the sperm from leaving the epididymis
Correct
High doses of testosterone create a negative feedback response to the pituitary, causing it to reduce the release of FSH and LH. FSH and LH are important hormones in the process of making new sperm, or spermatogenesis.
4.
Question 4
Define vasocongestion.
1 / 1 point
Increased blood flow and swelling in a single tissue in the body
Decreased blood flow and atrophy in a single tissue in the body
A naturally-occurring phenomenon where sperm deteriorate and die in the epididymis—this can occur when a man is given a vasectomy
A contraceptive measure involving using barrier methods
Correct
Both the penis and vagina experience increased blood flow in preparation for intercourse causing an erection in the penis and a swelling in the clitoris and labia.
5.
Question 5
How does Progesterone work as a contraception method?
1 / 1 point
Progesterone, like spermicides, attacks incoming sperm, reducing the chance of fertilization
Progesterone blocks the release of pituitary FSH and LH, resulting in no ovulation
Progesterone dissolves the uterine lining, so an egg is not able to attach to the lining wall
Progesterone prevents the sperm from binding to an egg, so there is no fertilization
Correct
Progesterone stimulates a negative feedback response on the pituitary to reduce its release of FSH and LH. A surge of FSH and LH are necessary during the 28-day cycle to complete ovulation by allowing the follicle to rupture from the ovary and implant itself in the uterus.
6.
Question 6
What would happen in the female body if oral hormonal contraception users did not take the placebo pills, and instead proceeded to the next month’s set of pills?
1 / 1 point
There would be full menstrual suppression and there would be no harmful effect on the body
Without allowing the body to have a regular menstrual cycle, there would be an increased risk of early onset menopause
FSH and LH levels would fluctuate greatly, causing severe abdominal cramps
The menstrual lining would continue to thicken, increasing risk of ovarian cysts
Correct
The hormonal contraception keeps the hormone levels irregularly high. Progesterone levels in particular cannot fall as they normally would to allow for menstruation resulting in menstrual suppression, which is not harmful to the body.
7.
Question 7
What are the two phases of sexual arousal that results in the human physical act of sex?
1 / 1 point
Increased Blood Flow and Vasocongestion
Vasocongestion and Orgasmic Release
Vasocongestion and Lubrication
Ovulation and Orgasmic Release
Correct
Recall that the two phases of sexual arousal are vasocongestion (the swelling of body tissues) and orgasmic release; when both phases occur, this is the human physical act of sex.
8.
Question 8
During sexual arousal, which of the following parts swell in the female anatomy? Please select all that apply.
1 / 1 point
Fallopian Tubes
Clitoris
Correct
The clitoris and labia both undergo vasocongestion during arousal.
Labia
Correct
Oocyte
9.
Question 9
What happens to sperm after a male has a vasectomy?
1 / 1 point
The testicles continue to produce sperm, but the sperm are blocked from leaving the testis and die in the epididymis
The testicles do not produce any more sperm
The sperm are produced, but are killed just before ejaculation
The sperm are produced, but do not have tails to propel them to a female egg
Correct
Vasectomies do not affect sperm production. Vasectomies essentially disrupt the passageway of sperm out of the testes where they die and are reabsorbed.
10.
Question 10
What percentage of sexually active young couples achieve conception within one year of having unprotected sex?
1 / 1 point
85%
50%
100%
15%
Correct
After a year of unprotected sex 85% of couples are able to become pregnant.
Ian
is a 18-year-old male who just entered his first year of college and is excited
to be a part of such a vibrant campus. Although he never smoked or drank in
high school, Ian makes some new friends and begins drinking heavily on the weekends
and smoking marijuana regularly. While Ian remains active and works out
regularly, one of his friends has suggested he take steroids to bulk up a bit
and see physical results faster. Ian is unsure whether to take his friend’s
advice. Ian also began a new relationship with one of his female classmates,
but Ian has sometimes noticed that he is having difficulty performing sexually.
He thinks that maybe it is the reduction in sensation from the condom that is
causing his issue, so he stops using them, however the problem doesn’t get
better.
Answer this open-ended question: The
case study above mentions that Ian sometimes noticed that he is having
difficulty performing sexually. What are some possible causes of his sexual
performance issues?
Please also use this information to answer the questions below.
1 / 1 point
Using steriods + bad living habits
Correct
POSSIBLE ANSWER: It is possible that Ian’s regular drug and alcohol abuse is
leading to sexual performance issues.
Consumption of alcohol can make getting an erection more difficult. Additionally, alcohol inhibits the central
nervous system, which can contribute to difficulty getting an erection. Because alcohol acts as a depressant, it
inhibits respiration, circulation, and sensitivity of nerve endings--all cruial
aspects of the sexual experience.
Alcohol can deleay or even prevent orgasms. Ian should consider eliminating or reducing
his drug and alcohol use in order to increase sexual performance.
Source: http://brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/alcohol,_tobacco,_&_other_drugs/alcohol/alcohol_&_sex.php
2.
Question 2
What impact does heavy drinking have on
one’s fertility?
1 / 1 point
Reduces testosterone production
Blocks
sperm motility
Immobilizes
or slows sperm mobility
Causes
infertility
Correct
Heavy drinking reduces
testosterone production. Marijuana use or smoking blocks sperm production. THC,
the active ingredient in marijuana blocks sperm motility.
3.
Question 3
If Ian
decides to take anabolic steroids, what are some side effects that he could
encounter? Select all that apply.
0 / 1 point
Reduced sperm count
Correct
Men who take anabolic steroids disrupt the
normal hormonal feedback between the testis and the brain resulting in reduced
testis size and reduced sperm counts. Other side effects include face balding,
severe acne, hostility and aggression, breast enlargement and kidney disease.
Reduced testicle size
Correct
Increased
testicle size
This should not be selected
Increased
sperm count
This should not be selected
4.
Question 4
The case
study above mentions that Ian is having unprotected sex. What are some
potential consequences of this? Select all that apply.
0 / 1 point
He might contract an STD
Correct
Having unprotected sex can
lead to Ian contracting an STD, and his partner contracting an STD and getting
pregnant. STD can be limited or avoided by safe sex practices including barrier
protection.
His sperm
count could decrease
This should not be selected
His sexual partner could get pregnant
Correct
His sexual partner might contract an STD
Correct
5.
Question 5
What
impact does marijuana have on one’s fertility?
0 / 1 point
Reduces
testosterone production
Blocks sperm motility
Immobilizes
or slows sperm mobility nah
Causes
infertility nah
Incorrect
6.
Question 6
Besides
anabolic steroids, drinking, and marijuana, what other substances or diseases
can impact a man’s fertility?
0 / 1 point
Medications
for depression
Correct
Medications for depression, acne medication and
prostate disease can all affect a man’s fertility because they can alter sperm
function. Men who are interested in fertility or who are engaged in unprotected
sex should be aware of these consequences.
Acne medication
Correct
Caffeine
This should not be selected
Prostate disease
Correct
Osteoporosis
This should not be selected
Ava
is a 22-year old woman who is a soccer player. She has had somewhat irregular
menstrual periods for as long as she could remember, but her friends told her
this was likely because she was so athletic and they had heard that female
athletes typically have irregular or skipped periods. She therefore never asked
her doctor about this, and did not see her irregular periods as a large concern.
However, lately Ava has gained weight, noticed more acne, and has seen extra
hair grow on her face and body. She decided to go to her doctor to present
these symptoms. After hormone measurements and an ultrasound, her doctor
determines that Ava has polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Answer this open-ended question: What
are some other potential causes of irregular periods?
Please also use the above information to answer the questions below.
1 / 1 point
srgwr
Correct
POSSIBLE ANSWER: Eating disorders, excessive exercise, stress
medication
2.
Question 2
Which of
the following might be indications of an irregular period? Select all that
apply.
1 / 1 point
Several instances of skipped monthly periods
Correct
A
regular monthly period is, on average, 28 days in length. Most periods last three to five days. Any of the above symptoms would be an
indication of an irregular period.
Monthly periods lasting more than 10 days
Correct
Monthly periods lasting fewer than 2 days
Correct
Severely heavy periods
Correct
3.
Question 3
Define polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
1 / 1 point
Changes
in the X chromosome, which results in streak ovaries
Changes
in the X chromosome which causes a loss of all follicles
Higher than normal androgen production, resulting in
abnormal pituitary hormone release and uterine function
Higher
than normal estrogen production, resulting in increased oocyte maturation
Correct
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is an endocrine system disorder that affects women of reproductive age. PCOS can affect a woman’s menstrual cycle, fertility, hormones, heart, blood vessels, and appearance.
4.
Question 4
How does
PCOS impact ovarian follicle growth?
0 / 1 point
Many follicles begin to grow around the edge of the ovary
Follicle
growth slows and menstrual periods become irregular
Some
follicles will begin to mature at the same time
Ovarian
follicles begin to die
Incorrect
5.
Question 5
Will PCOS
impact Ava’s fertility?
1 / 1 point
Yes, PCOS
will result in increased fertility since the increased oocyte maturation
results in increased chances of achieving pregnancy
Yes, PCOS will result in decreased fertility, and it may be
more difficult for Ava to become pregnant without invitrofertilization
No, PCOS
will not impact Ava’s fertility, since the hormone involved does not directly
affect reproductive hormones
No, PCOS
will not impact Ava’s fertility, but it may impact the fertility of her child,
since PCOS is genetic
Correct
Because
PCOS causes irregular or no ovulation, women suffering from PCOS often have
difficulty getting pregnant. They often
look to assisted technologies, like invitrofertilization to become
pregnant.
6.
Question 6
What is
the first phase of the menstruation cycle?
1 / 1 point
Luteal
phase
Ovulatory
phase
Pituitary
phase
Follicular phase
Correct
The follicle houses the oocyte. The follicle must have time to mature so that it can release the oocyte and induce menstruation.
Question 1
Micah
is a 27-year-old man who has recently noticed blisters on his penis that
disappeared after a few weeks. He went to his doctor and learned that his
symptoms are consistent with the herpes simplex virus (HSV-2). Micah did not
have sex with his sexual partner, Alena, while he had the blisters on his
penis, but due to his diagnosis, Micah’s sexual partner, Alena, also goes to
her doctor to get tested for HSV-2 as well as other STD’s. Alena is not showing
any symptoms consistent with STD’s and while Alena is awaiting the results of
her herpes test, the doctor tells her she tested positive for the most common
sexually transmitted infection, HPV, or human papillomavirus.
Answer this open-ended question: If
a couple who may have one or more STD’s decides to have children, what are the
potential risks of transmitting the STD to their unborn child?
Please also use this information to answer the questions below.
1 / 1 point
sgeth
Correct
POSSIBLE ANSWER: When partners who may have STD’s have
unprotected sex, there is an increased risk for 1) transmitting the STD to the
other partner and 2) there is an increased risk for pregnancy. If a pregnant woman contracts an STD there is
a risk of passing that STD to the fetus in utero or during childbirth, which is
called vertical transmission. The
infection can even be spread through breast milk. HIV is a well known STD with risk of
spreading from mother to child.
According to the World Health Organization HIV transmission from mother
to child ranges from 15-45% if the mother takes no preventive treatment. However, with the use of antiretroviral
medications the rate of transmission can be reduced to lower than 5%.
2.
Question 2
What are
the possible ways this couple contracted these STDs? Check all that apply.
0 / 1 point
Kissing
This should not be selected
Oral sex
Correct
All of these answers are correct except for kissing and sharing a drink because HSV-2 and HPV are only contracted through sharing bodily fluids such as blood or ejaculate, not saliva.
Sharing sex toys
Correct
Vaginal sex
Correct
Sharing a
drink
This should not be selected
Anal Sex
Correct
3.
Question 3
Which of the following statements are true about
HSV-2?
0 / 1 point
The HSV-2 virus can take up residence in a latent form, so
someone may have the virus without showing symptoms at first
Correct
HSV-2 is typically transmitted only when one has
sexual contact with someone who has HSV-2 and there is no cure for genital
herpes.
The HSV-2
virus can only be transmitted through affected skin.
This should not be selected
There is
a cure for genital herpes
This should not be selected
HSV-2 blisters can rupture and leave painful ulcers that
take weeks to heal
Correct
4.
Question 4
HPV is
associated with which of the following cancers? Check all that apply.
0 / 1 point
Cervical cancer
Correct
HPV has
been found only to cause cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and back
of the throat.
Cancer of the vulva
Correct
Cancer of the vagina
Correct
Leukemia
This should not be selected
Cancer of the penis
Correct
Testicular
cancer
This should not be selected
5.
Question 5
Which of
the following statements are true about the HPV vaccine? Check all true
statements.
0 / 1 point
The
vaccine protects against the strain of HPV that causes 100% of cervical cancer
This should not be selected
There are a variety of strains of the HPV virus. Some types cause no symptoms, others low-risk types may cause skin warts, and high-risk types are known for causing a variety of cancers. The HPV vaccine is important for any adult, and is preferably given to girls and boys before they reach sexual maturity because their chance of being exposed to the virus is much lower then. The HPV vaccine protects against cervical cancer, as well as vaginal, vulval, and anal cancers in men and women. While the HPV vaccine may protect against more than one type of cancer, it does not protect against all types of cervical cancer, it only protects about 70% of the types of cervical cancer. For this reason, it is still important for women to regularly get pap smears and testing for cervical cancer.
The vaccine protects against the strain of HPV that causes
70% of cervical cancer
Correct
The vaccine is recommended for girls before they reach
sexual maturity
Correct
The vaccine is recommended for boys before they reach sexual
maturity
Correct
6.
Question 6
What
step(s) can any sexually active couple take to reduce risk of contracting an
STD? Check all that apply
1 / 1 point
Take
hormonal contraception
Use barrier method contraception
Use
spermicides
Implant
an IUD
Correct
Barrier contraceptives reduce the chance of spreading fluids that are produced during intercourse. The condom, for example, when used properly, is designed to contain the semen released during male ejaculation. The female condom is like the male condom, but is inserted inside the vagina to contain fluids. If a sexual partner is infected with an STD, body fluids like blood or semen carry the infectious organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases. When it comes to reducing the risk of contracting an STD, the fluids that carry them like blood or vaginal/penile discharge, must not be spread and this is only achieved by barrier method contraception. The other answer choices are all forms of contraception that only serve to reduce the risk of pregnancy, not STD’s.
A female patient presents with the following symptoms: lower belly cramps, bleeding between periods, and abnormal vaginal discharge. What is the most probable diagnosis?
1 / 1 point
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
HPV
Yeast Infection
Correct
When experienced simultaneously, cramps, bleeding between periods, and abnormal discharge all indicate signs of gonorrhea.
2.
Question 2
What happens when one contracts herpes simplex virus-2?
1 / 1 point
A rash can form on the hands and feet
Severe HSV-2 cases can impact the liver and target the immune system
Blisters, or cold sores appear around the mouth
Blisters may form on the genitals that, when ruptured, are painful
Correct
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) causes genital herpes while HSV-1 causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth. Genital herpes are blisters on the genitals and once they rupture leave painful ulcers that take weeks to heal.
3.
Question 3
Which of the following is true about the human papillomavirus (HPV)? Please select all true statements.
1 / 1 point
Warts form on the penis and near the vaginal opening
Correct
Warts are caused by HPV. In men, it presents as warts on the penis, whereas in women it presents near the vaginal opening. Answering B is also correct because HPV is associated with cervical cancer as well as cancer of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis and mouth. Option D is also correct because, contrary to popular assumption, HPV can exist in both men and women, so everyone should get vaccinated.
HPV is associated with cervical cancer
Correct
Both men and women can contract HPV, so everyone should get vaccinated
Correct
There is currently no vaccine against HPV
Only women can contract HPV, and therefore they are the only ones who should get vaccinated
4.
Question 4
Fill in the blank: Anabolic steroids disrupt the ___(1)______ between the testis and the brain and could result in _____(2)_____.
1 / 1 point
(1) normal hormonal feedback; (2) reduced testis size, balding, and kidney disease
(1) Progesterone feedback; (2) increased muscle mass and heart failure
(1) Testosterone levels; (2) depression, aggression, and pectoral atrophy
(1) GnRH levels; (2) reduced testis size, acne, and increased FSH levels
Correct
Anabolic steroids disrupt the normal hormonal feedback (high levels of testosterone directly inhibit the secretion of GnRH, and thus LH and FSH, via the negative feedback loop) and could result in reduced testis size, balding and kidney disease.
5.
Question 5
Define dysmenorrhea.
1 / 1 point
Painful cramps
Severe menstrual discharge
Painful ovarian cysts
Lengthened menstrual cycle
Correct
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful cramps.
6.
Question 6
What is endometriosis?
1 / 1 point
A condition that results from endometrial tissues outside the uterus
The overproduction of androgens
A condition that results when follicles do not go through the ovulation cycle
A condition that results from large follicles that do not rupture
Correct
Endometriosis is a painful condition that results from endometrial tissue being outside of the uterus. The likely mechanism is retrograde menstruation where endometrial tissue moves up and out of the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity.
7.
Question 7
How do hormones impact women who suffer from endometriosis?
1 / 1 point
Endometrial tissues produce androgens that respond to increased LH levels, causing more frequent ovulation
Endometrial tissues respond to hormones each month, and the build up and break down of these tissues each month causes painful internal bleeding and inflammation
The large, un-ruptured follicles that begin to grow on the peritoneal cavity respond to FSH levels, causing elongated ovulation cycles
The uterus responds to abnormal hormonal levels from the endometrial tissues and can increase the risk of hirsutism
Correct
Endometrial tissues outside the uterus can respond to hormones the same way the endometrium does. Each month, the tissue will build up, break down, then shed into the compartments of the body, causing painful internal bleeding and inflammation.
8.
Question 8
Fill in the blank with the correct definition of infertility. Infertility is _____________
1 / 1 point
the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one month of regular unprotected intercourse.
the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse.
the inability of a couple to ever achieve pregnancy
the term used for pre-pubescent males and females
Correct
Infertility is defined as the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. ASRM estimates that 15% of all couples are infertile.
9.
Question 9
Which of the following can reduce sperm production? Select all that apply.
1 / 1 point
Heavy drinking
Correct
Heavy drinking reduces testosterone production. Answering B is correct because marijuana and heavy smoking block sperm production by introduction of heavy metals. THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, blocks sperm motility. Answering C is correct because medications for depression, acne and prostate disease can also alter sperm function.
Marijuana and heavy smoking
Correct
Certain medications
Correct
High-fat foods
10.
Question 10
A male patient presents with the following symptoms: a mild burning sensation when he urinates, a slight mucus discharge, and itching around the opening of the penis. What is the most probable diagnosis?
0 / 1 point
Chlamydia
HPV
Herpes
Yeast Infection
Incorrect
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